Mass media

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Reader.

• Topic :- Mass Media  
• Paper:- Mass Communication and Media Studies.             
• PG.REG.NO:- 2069108420190040.  
• Roll No:- 18                                                            Prepard By Rayjada Mitalba J. Summited to SMT.S.B.Gradi Department of English ,  Maharaja Krushnkumarsinhji, Bhavnagar, University.

Mass Media:-

Meaning of Mass Media:- 

• "Mass Media, Sociology of a Medium is a means of communication such as print, Radio, or Television. The Mass Media are defined as largescale organizations which use one or more of these technology to communicate with large Number of people."

There are Three types of Mass Media:-

1) Print Media. 
2) Electronic Media. 
3) New age Media.

Development of Mass Media:-

• Western mass communication scholars have identified a development progression cycle call

ESP:- Elite Popular Specialization this cycle holds that all media develop in three stages.

Elite:- Media appeals to the affluent. Affluent are considered as the leaders of cultural and social trends. 

Popular:- when the notions break through the barriers of literacy and poverty, it enters the popular stage and teachers the Mass culture. 

Specialization:- There is 'demassification' of the Mass media due to information explosion and advancement in the communication technology.

Meaning of Communication:- 

• "Communication is a process through which one person transfer, their thoughts, ideas to other person or group of persons with the help of the media device or channel. A human relationship involving two or more persons who come together to share, to dialogue and commune. Thus, we can say that communication is not just an act or a process but also a social and cultural togetherness.

• According to Denis Mcquail, " Communication is a process which increases commonality - but also requires elements of commonality for it to occur at all". 

• The Sanskrit Term, 'Sadharanikaran' comes closest to the term of 'Common' or 'Commonness' usually with communication.

Need for communication:- 

• Human beings need for communication is as basic as the need of food or shelter. Without communicating our thoughts with others people can't survive. They need someone to talk and share. Because of this we can say that the punishment of living alone, which have given to the prisoners are worst and hardest one to give. 
• Communication requires active participation of mind, body, society and nature. Without this effective communication is may be not possible. It is basic need to share experience of doing something with others. This is why one requires active participation of mind, body, society and nature. Excommunication might lead people to the anxiety, sensory deprivation, depraved judgement, and strange vision.

The communication Process:- 

Source- msg - Encoding - msg - Channel - msg - Decoding - Msg - Receiver - Feedback - Source.

Types of Communication:-

1. Intrapersonal communication  2. Interpersonal communication 3. Group Communication 4. Mass Communication 5. Mass-line Communication.

Function of Mass Media:- 

• To inform, To Educate, To entertain, Transmission of Heritage, Commercial.

Impact of mass media:-  

• Psychological, Social, Moral, Cultural. In media studies, media psychology, communication theory, and sociology, meadia influence and Media effects are topics relating to mass media and Media culture effects on individual or an audience's thoughts, attitudes, and behavior. Whether it is written, television, or spoken, mass media reaches a large audience. Mass media is known as being one of the most significant forces in modern cultural.

Mass communication and mass Culture:-

• Culture can be defined as the beliefs, values, or other frameworks of reference by which we make sense of our experience. It also concers how we communicate these values and ideas. The concept of mass culture refers to a whole range of popular activities and artefacts to Entertainments, spectacles, music, books, films- but has become ideatified with the typical content of mass media and especially with the fictional, dramatic and Entertainment material which they provide.

• Mass media are centrally involved in the production of modern culture. Reach of mass media is limited in India thus mass culture in our country is still by and large the one that prevails in our villages where over 77% of the our people live. Most popular entertainment medium in India is Cinema. Nearly 800 films produced per year. Indian Cinema has qualities of a mass culture product but it is doubt full if it is the only factor that contributes to the 'mass culture'.

1) Mass Communication :-

• The advantage of people to be continueously in touch, communicate and be able to move even by distance. Transportation methods and communication forms. 

2) Mass Society :- 

• An abstraction that postulated a mass of isolated and alienated individuals whose relation to an authority , such as totalitarian state, was the only bond to unite them.

3) Mass Culture:- 

• A term deprecating the value of commercially marketed arts and entertainment packaged to appeal to people vin particular demographic categories.

The most common mass media platforms are:-

1)Newspaper  2)Magazines. 3)Radio. 4) Television. 5)Internet. 

Television:- 

• Television is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting sound with moving images in black and white, or in color, and in two or three dimensions. Television is mass medium of Entertainment, Education, News, Advertising.

Radio:- 

• Radio is the use of radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by systematically modulating some property of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width.

E-media:- 

• "Electronicedia are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user or audience to access the content. This is in contrast to static media or mainly print media, which today are most often created electronically, but do not require electronics to be accessed by  the  end user in the printed from".

Newspaper:- 

• Newspaper are part of print media. It is the most important media which famous among the large group of mass. The newspapers are meant to inform the general public about recent events and especially the public affairs. Besides local, national and international news the newspapers often carry sports and Entertainment activities also. It also focus on the opinion columns and advertising. They are also important not only for educating people but it is also a form of media where news are spread.

Magazines:-

• During the 19th century, magazines were the predominant national medium. Magazines were the predominant national medium. Magazines are a kind of periodical which comes with the newspaper daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, biimonthly, quartely, or even annually.

Radio:- 

• "Radio is far more interactive and stimulating medium than TV where the viewer is spoon-fed. Radio allows you to think, to use your imagination. That is why nobody ever called it the idiot box". Radio plays very vital role in communication. Radio allows the people to think and imagine.

Television:-

• Television also plays vital role in communication. So Among all the Mass media today Television attracts the largest number of viewers. It attracts the audience in greater in size than any of the other Media audience. This is because Television is able to focus on audience of all age group no matter whether literate or illiterate. Television has been used for education and give information purposes than for entertainment.

Internet:- 

• Nowadays the internet has revolutionized global mass communication. It might sound weird to define something so commonplace nowadays but it's worth explaining that the internet is the simply a network of computers which allows for data or information to exchange around the world.

Cinema:-

•  Cinema is mostly for entertainment. The first film was Alam ara. It was silent film. At that time silent and black and white films we're realised. Later on it turns into talking and colourful films. There are many changes happened in Cinema. At those time people not giving much importance to those people who were working in the film. Now it is not like that at some point. 

1] Western communication theories:-

1. Lasswell model of communication 2. Shannon and Weaver Model 3. Osgood and Schramn Model 4. Ritual model of communication 5. Communication as Dialogue 6. Communication as pwore Relationship.

2] Indian communication Theories:- 

•  In recent years communication scholars in India and Sri Lanka have made attempts to develop theories of communication based on India classical texts and on popular Indian culture. Indian theory of communication forms a part of Indian poetics; and  can be traced to a period between second century B.C. and first century A.D. in the works of Bharata.
• It draws it central idea from the concept of Sadharanikaran which is quite close in meaning to the Latin term Communis, commonness, from which the word communication is derived.) The most important assumption in the  process of sadharanikaran is that it can be achieved only among sahridayas, i.e. only those who have a capacity to accept a message.

1). Bharata Muni Theory  2). Hindu Theory 3). Buddist Theory .

Reference:- 

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/vaidehi09hariyani/mass-media-and-communication-detailed-presentation.

https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-vivo&sxsrf=ALeKk01dan-UKi-NkGgU3HWsG6md9SnMOw%3A1583419884705&ei=7BFhXurZKo6M4-EPrri8qAs&q=mass+media+influence&oq=mass+media+inf&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-serp.1.0.0i273j0l7.3723.17436..19246...3.1..0.281.7116.0j25j11......0....1.........0i71j35i39j46i131j0i131j46.s-dT1wPIWdw


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Learning out come upon Da Vinci Code

I learnt in Da Vinci Code life is unkonw journey like Robert Landon is only come as lectures but he not know about he go in trap of troubles.

That ways we never know where turn our life and where trap we.

About Television from mitalbarayjada

About Dan Brown And His Novels from mitalbarayjada

Information about ' A Grain of Wheat' from mitalbarayjada

Some point about A Grain of wheat

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        Reader,

• Topic:- Some point about A Grain of Wheat. 
• Paper:- The African Literature      PG.Reg.No:- 20691084209190040.     
• Roll No:- 18     
• Prepard by Rayjada Mitalba J summited to Smt.S.B.Gradi department of English, Maharaja Krushnkumarsinhji, Bhavnagar, University.

Write a critical note on  a grain of wheat:-  

• Nagugi pictured in this work of act what happens when countries are about to get independence or be independent, he also tried to bring out the wickedness of the Kikoyo people, in the sense that he scholarly explained that when people are trying to get independence, people are also there to attain personal benefits.

• This story follows the life of an orphan named Mugo. Kihika, a Mau Mau insurgent leader from thabai, who always conveys some intense view about the way leaders in the previous years handled colonialism, he was also referred to as the people man, apparently, he was brought up in a rich home. As earlier mentioned that Ngugi made proper use of the flash back methodology.

• Kihika had spoken of blood as easily as if he was taking of drawing water in a river, mugo reflected, a revulsion starting in his stomach at the sight and smell of blood. Kihika was going to kill inspector Robson while he was still in the hut, note that mugo had given kihika shelter before he committed the murder.

• After kihika had committed the murder. The author portrayed another character known Gikonyo. He suffered a fate, he was young and his father sent him and his mother away, consequently he grew up with his mother alone. Thought growing up with a single parent may have negative effects on individuals, in the case of Gikonyo.

• On one faithful day, the Kihika's sister known as Mumbi was sent by her mother to go fix a broken stool in gikonyo's shop. When she got there, she was amused, trilled and impressed with gikonyo's skills, ultimately she fell in love with him. Mumbi was said to be the most beautiful and organized young lady in the community so she had so many other men who are interested in making her a wife.

• It marked the competition for mumbi's love between Kharanja and gikonyo. Mumbi is love with gikonyo so they got married this was unknown to Kharanja. According Palmer, Ngugi portrayed the premise redemption in Mugo's action on uhuru's day. Additionally redemption is the action of saving or being saved from sin, error or evil.

Female Characters in 'A Grain of Wheat':-  

Wambui:- 

• She is part of the women who in Ngugi's stories have an active role in political affairs. In the present part of the story, wambui is part of the committee which tries to convince Mugo to hold a speech at ceremony. This shows that she is indeed regarded as equal to men and is taken seriously. 

• African women to achieve this equality only after having reached a certain age as Wambui is not young anymore. This would imply that it could have been more difficult for younger women to be taken seriously, which leads to the analysis of the next character.

Mumbi:-

• Mumbi frist appears to the reader in a very simple role. The one of the dutiful wife who is treated badly by her husband. Mumbi one of these young women in Ngugi's novel. When the reader gets to konw her past, she appears to be simple there as well at first glance. One cannot but admire the way Mumbi decline several marriage proposal and how in the end she is the one who choose her husband, Gikonyo.

• She makes her voice heard not only through singing and making decisions herself, but also by telling the truth of her betrayal to Mugo. Which as a consequence brings him to his own confession. In the conversation between Mugo and Mumbi, the reader gets to konw the bravest side of her. In the years of the Emergency Mumbi took on a Nan's work. 

• She didn't let Karanja or other men in her life. Although he could have helped her in times when food was scarce. Only In Mumbi's weakest moment, when the joy of her husband return over powered her senses Didi she make love to Karanja but regretted it straight after. When Gikonyo calls her a whore she even leaves him, which shows how much she is able to shape her life. 

Title significant in Ngugi's was Thiong'o A Grain of Wheat.

• 'Grain of Wheat' is a novel by Kenyan novelist Ngugi was Thiong'o first published as part of the influential Heinemann African Writers Series. It was written while he was studying at Leeds University and first published in 1967 by Heinemann. The title is taken from the Gospel According to St. John, 12:24.

• The novel weaves together several stories set during the state of emergency in Kenya's struggle for independent, focusing on the quite Mugo whose life is ruled by a dark secret.

• The plot revolves around his home villages preparations for Kenya's independence day celebration Uhuruday. On that day, former resistance fighters General R and Koinandu plan on publicly executive the traitor who betrayed Kihika a heroic resistance fighter hailing from the Village. 

• Ngugi was Thiong'o's novel A Grain of Wheat published in English in 1967 revolves around the lives histories and meditation of several fictional Gikuyu characters as they encounter the historical realities of Kenya on the eve of independence. A Grain of Wheat as historical meditation rather than literary works or historical sources.

Historical contexts for A Grain of Wheat :- 

• during the late 1960s and early 1970s, when A Grain of Wheat was published Africanists were reevaluating their methods and theory. In the wake of independence in December 1963 both Kenyan and non-Kenyan Historian's and scholars had to reconstruct Kenya's past and they approaches this take from two distinct theories.

•  At the time the give method for analyzing Kenyan history and African history in general, was the rupture thesis, which examined African history before and after colonization as two distinct eras and suggested that Europeans had forever altered African history when they officially colonized Africa in the nineteenth century. Ngugi situates A Grain of Wheat at a pivotal moment in Kenyan history. 

• The novel action unfolds in the context of the decade after the1950s "Emergency", also known as the Mau Mau independence struggle. Kenya officially declared independence from Britain in 1963, and A Grain of Wheat takes place in the four days leading up to this declaration, but the years before this from 1952 onward were tumultuous as Gikuyu freedom fighters also knows as Mau Mau, fought a guerrilla war against the British colonizers and sympathizers.

•  Ngugi born in 1938 grew up in this context, and was raised in an are of heavy European occupation. The freedom fighters wanted freedom from Britain, wherever the cost, and this includes eliminating British sympathizers who were Kenyan. 

• A Grain of Wheat is Ngugi best example of historical meditation, and perhaps his last, as this novel later led him to his more political narratives. Ngugi was well suited to write such historical meditation, as the conflicts of colonization created binaries that demanded to be acknowledge and then transcended as Gikuyu history was surely more than a contest between Patriots and sell outs.

•  A Grain of Wheat examines these difficult moral choices and dilemmas with complex portrayals of the Freedom fighter the Gikuyu townspeople and even the British settlers. The divers character and conflicts in A Grain of Wheat enable a multiplicity of meaning. 

• The novel present contrasting ideas in tension together to work towards new peace and a new Kenyan identity. All of this challenge traditional historiography which too often neglects the voices of the very people it seeks to represent often falling into exclusive racist or sexist narratives. 

• Instead by incorporating a global set of allusions, themes, and stories with inclusion of Christian prayers and catechisms, while settlers character, and even writing his novel in English, Ngugi creates a space within which to contemplate the dynamic, traumatic, ever changing history of the Gikuyu people. The diversity and complexity, then of Ngugi Grain of Wheat offers an example of a strong historical meditation that seeks to bring contradictions together to seek and hope for communal and individual change and peace. 

Web Cites:-  

(1) Joseph A Ikape, Analysis of A grain of Wheat, academia.edu.

(2) Powell, Kathryn, Ngugi wa Thiong'o's A Grain of Wheat : a historical meditation, cardinalscholar.bus.edu.5/2018.

(3) Stefanie Dalvai , Female characters in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "A Grain of Wheat" and Tsits Dagarembga's "Nervous Conditions" , m.grin.com, 2018.


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Some information about Da Vinci Code

Hello

         Readers,

• Topic:- Some Information about Da Vinci Code.   
• Paper:- The New Literature. 
• PG.REG.No:- 2069108420190040.                      Roll No:- 18                               
• Prepared By Rayjada Mitalba J. Summited to SMT.S.B.Gradi Department of English Maharaja krushnkumarsinhji, bhavnagar, University.

Da vinci code character:-

Robert Langdon:-

• The male protagonist of the novel Langdon. Robert Langdon is a famous professor of religious iconology. Robert Landon is a symbology from Harvard University. He is honest and trustworthy. He is also an extremely successful academic and the author of several books. He is said to be writing a book on the supposedly controversial topic of feminine divinity titled symbols of the Lost Sacred Feminine. Although any particular religious and prefers to remain an outside observer in matters of faith. Landon was supposed to meet Jacques Sauniere, the curator of the Louvre Museum at the night of the latter's murder resulting in him being accused as the prime suspect. He tries to find out the real murderer.

Sophie Neveu:-

• Sophie is female protagonists. Sophie is the granddaughter of Sauniere. She is a very accomplished cryptographic working with the police, and is able to comprehend her grandfather's clues that point to the real perpetrator. She is thirty years old. She is attractive, single, compassionate. She is very intelligent. She is one of the major players who attempt to crack her granfather code. She is also a descendent of Jesus and Mary Magdalene.

Silas:-

• Silas is a Monk of Opus Dei. He is the murderer of Sauniere. He finds religion and devotes himself to the strict Catholic ways of Opus Dei. He is obsessed with self-punishment and celibacy, and his goal in life is to aid the Bishop and Opus Dei. He is a religious and stern practitioner of the ways of Opus Dei and performs self loathing as well as binding of a metal cilice around his thigh, rather excessively. He is an albino and thus became a cause for his father to abuse his mother.

Bishop Aringarosa:-

• Bishop Aringarosa is the worldwide head of the notorious Christian sect, Opus Dei. He has affection for material things that represent the power of his order. He is kind to Silas. He is revealed to be in a secret deal with the Teacher in order to deliver the Holy Grail which he uses to control the church. When he realizes the true intentions of the Teacher he repents and rushed to save Silas and gets wounded as a result.

Sir. Leigh Teabing/ The Teacher:-

• Sir Leigh Teabing a British historian and lives in France in his search of the Holy Grail. Sir Leigh Teabing is a knight, a Royal Historian, and an extremely wealthy man. He is crippled from polio and is not marred. He provides refuge to Robert and Sophie as they escape Bezu Fache.

Bezu Fache:-

• The captain of the French Judicial Police. Nicknamed "the Bull," Fache is strong, strong-willed, and religious. He is arrogant and persistent. He has great faith in the use of technology in his work which sometimes leads him down the wrong road.

Theology Fiction:-

• Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code is the best-known work of theology fiction. Theology fiction can appear either in the from of a novel or as pseudo-academic work. Both involve revelation that are designed to startle rather than enlighten, such as the existence of cover-up by Church authorities of the real truth about Jesus, his mother Mary and the early development of the Christian community. Or one can be told of ominous messages concealed within the text of the Hebrew Bible. Elements of science fiction are sometimes Louis Hughes is a Dominican priest.

The Sacred Secret:-

The Real Mystery in The Da Vinci Code:-

• When we consider that as a rounded container a chalice is a feminine symbol, the idea of a vessel filled with blood becomes an image-metaphor for a woman's womb, and the Grail then takes on the possibility of another meaning that of a numinous or mysterious feminine symbol, something transformative and healing, with a sacred or divine dimension of the feminine. Was its amazing popularity due to "the sacred secret", the feminine principle which has been missing and ignored in world consciousness for well over five thousand years by a patriarchal Culture in which male political power and the masculine principle have dominated? Tracing this "secret" leads to a search that includes a history that precedes writing, only recorded by archeologists in artifacts as the Neolithic goddess traditiona.

"The Da Vinci code". Dan Brown and The Grail That Never was:-

• Dan Brown's bestseller, The Da Vinci Code, has errors and raised objections to his dubious conjectures. Of particular interest to Arthurians is Brown's conspiracy theory (appropriate from other sources) concerning the Grail, but a discussion of that subject also requires consideration of his presentation of Church History and of the role that art plays in the elaboration of the Grail theory.

Symbolisms in Dan Brown's the Da Vinci Code:-

• The paper focuses on the symbolism, muth and motifs of Dan Brown The Da Vinci Code. Brown has a fascination with a paradoxical interplay between Science and Religion. His novels had a leading character which includes historical themes and Christianity as motifs which ends in controversy. 

• The da Vinci Code, endeavoring to discover the homicide of the Louvers custodian, Langdon experiences puzzling associations, Opus Dei and Priory of Sion, which talks about the concealed messages in Leonardo da Vinci's specialty, raises the plot into top by discovering Jesus Wedded Marry Magdalene and Fathereda youngster, and by finding the Holy Grail. 

• Darker's The Da Vinci Code was depicted as submitting style and word decision bumbles in relatively every passage. A significant part of the feedback was focused on Brown's case found in it's prelude that the novel depends on actuality in connection to Opus Dei and the Priory of Sino and that all depictions of fine arts, engineering, record and mystery ceremonies in a novel are precise.

The Black Book of Religion:- 

• Seldom has a death proved as exaggerated as that alleged in 1886 by the German sage Friedrich Nietzsche. "The greatest event of recent times", he memorable avowed, " that God is Dead, that the belief in the Christian God is no longer tenable is beginning to cast it's first shadows over Europe." One need only skim any day's news to confirm that the Almighty eluded Nietzche's grave, and that religion universally flourishes.

• Seen positively, this resurgence has welcome implication. It suggests that the World's poorest and humblest find solace in transcendent logings, and that there is a global hunger for something beyond sating the senses. Yet alas, that hunger has been meanly exploited by God's Presumed agents, the worst of whom condone, encourage, or even sanctify sectarian slaughter. So struck was this agnostic by the praradox of the godly sanctioning the ungodly that in our spring 2005 coda we offered a companion to The Black Book of Communism.

• The French edited survey of crimes perpetrated in the name of Marx, reproduced in English in 2001 by Harvard University Press. A second section of our own Black Book appeared in fall 2005, and here follows a third inspired by the most prophetic of modern political poems, "The Second Coming", in which William Butler Years asks, "And what rough beast, it's hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?."

An Historian's view of the Gospel of Judas:-

• what is the Gospel of Judas? The Gospel of Judas is the most remarkable of four ancient texts bound together in antiquity and discovered in the late 1970s in Egypt. Having been stowed away in a Swiss bank vault for decades, they were only recently rediscovered and subjected to critical study.

• People have marveled at the existence of the Judas Gospel, forit presents Judas Iscariot not only as Jesus's betrayer but as his enlightened, favored disciple.

• This is Gospel of Judas is written in the language of Coptic, that is, a late form of Egyptian using Greek letters but it seems to have been originally composed in Greek. In fact, a church father of The second century CE, Irenaeus of Lyous, meantions a Gospel of Judas that was read by his theological opponents. So Historian's believe the Gospel of Judas goes back to the second century, even though the version just discovered is a tourth or fifth century copy.

• By contrast the canonical gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke-Acts, and John come from the late- first and early-second centuries. It is unlikely that the Gospel of Judas contains a separate or more authentic picture of Judas than the canonical story. The text itself is quite brief, opening on Jesus among hid disciples. Jesus enrages the disciples by criticizing their piety but then takes Judas Iscariot aside as favored disciple.

Web cite:-

 ( 1  )  .Louis Hughes Theology fiction (1): Behind the Da Vinci Code , Jstor, 2005.

( 2) John Giannini, The Sacred Secret: The Real Mystery in Da Vinci Code, Jstor ,2008.

(3) Karl E. Meyer, The Black Book of Religion: 3, Jstor, 2006

(4) NORRIS J. LACY, " The Da Vinci Code": Dan Brown and The Grail that Never was, Jstor.

(5) Chitra, P., & Mohan, K. (2018). Symbolisms in Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code. Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 6(2), 75-78. Retrieved from .

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